The early stages of migration were slow. They suffered a genocide, at the hands of europeans and bantu peoples. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. He introduced concepts of warfare and weaponry revolutionary in his age, and upon the death of Dingiswayo, he assumed the paramountcy of what is today known as Zululand. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. [28] Where Bantu was adopted via language shift of existing populations, prior African languages were spoken, probably from African language families that are now lost, except as substrate influences of local Bantu languages (such as click sounds in local Bantu languages). Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. Evidence of the existence of previous African races and tribes can be found in present day DNA records of today's Bantu people. This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Unfortunately, it is also greatly understudied and often unknown to history enthusiasts. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa. Personal communication from Mr Fagg. Their descendants have largely mixed with other peoples and adopted other languages. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. The Bantu Expansion, the foremost linguistic, cultural, and demographic event in Late Holocene Africa, has sparked a fervent interdisciplinary debate, especially regarding its driving forces. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. . The Bantu Expansion the migration of Bantu-speaking people across the African continent is one of Ancient historys largest migrations. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. The primary evidence for this expansion is linguistic a great many of the languages which are spoken across sub-Equatorial Africa are remarkably similar to each other, suggesting the common cultural origin of their original speakers. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-ttbxf If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. During their initial migration across most of Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa, which took place between . Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. The discussion concludes that the Bantu phenomenon is best understood as a colonisation, migration, expansion, dispersal, or diffusion. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. via language shift and admixture of incoming and existing populations). For over 5,000 years the Eastern, Southeastern, and the Midwestern U.S. were populated by mound-building, Native American cultures that constructed anywhere from tens of thousands, to hundreds of thousands of earthen mounds. Your email address will not be published. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. Because he's literate And using reason to research DNA and other recorded information. Partisans in France, Yugoslavia, the Eastern Front and the Philippines have much written about them. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. The Khoisan and Pygmies live in Southern and Central Africa, respectively. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. The Hutu are almost similar to the Tutsi who are also an ethnic majority in Rwanda. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. Bantu people were in far greater numbers and pretty much absorbed most of these groups. The Bantu people brought iron-smelting technology and subsistence farming to areas previously dominated by hunter-gatherers or early pastoralists. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. "useRatesEcommerce": false The infamous Rwandan genocide was triggered by the tensions between the Hutus and Tutsis. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. Archaeological, linguistic, genetic, and environmental evidence all support the conclusion that the Bantu expansion was a significant human migration. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. For more than a century, historians have supported the idea of a 'Bantu Expansion' that, starting in West Africa several millennia ago, spread across the southern half of the continent. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa),[6] and the second and possibly others went south along the African coast into Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. Any proof of their numbers? cit. of the Congo rainforest at its periphery, for instance along the coasts of South Cameroon, Gabon, and Congo (11, 16, 19).A second event at 2,500 B.P. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. The phenomenon was known as the Mfecane, or Difaqane, or the Scattering. Our Bantu speaking ancestors also . This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. Typical grifter contradictions. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. The migrants settled in three primary areas. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. and Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Prior to the arrival of Bantus in Southeast Africa, Cushitic-speaking peoples had migrated into the region from the Ethiopian Highlands and other more northerly areas. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. These are huge areas. fall into the classification of genocide. The Aka or Bayaka Pygmies still speak their own language, unlike the more famous Mbuti Pygmies, who have fully adopted the languages of their Bantu overlords. The Partition of India is such a case, and while Hindu/Muslim sectarianism lies at the heart of the debate, there is also the question of whether the British washed their hands of India, and walked away knowing that genocide was inevitable. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. Dingiswayo very quickly noticed that the young Shaka possessed a particular talent for war, and took him into his army. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. To make sense of this paradox, the researchers carried out a large-scale comparison of all the ancient African DNA gathered so far, along with living people from across Africa and beyond. Murdock, G. P., Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History (New York), 2901.Google Scholar, 10 Greenberg, J. H., Studies in African Linguistic Classification (New Haven, 1955), 40.Google Scholar, 12 Guthrie, Malcolm, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages, Journal of African History, III (1962), 27382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. Routledge, London 2003. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. for this article. They are from Western Africa and East African countries like Tanzania. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. It seems likely that the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from their core region in West Africa began around 40003500BC. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. You do realise hunter-gatherers (like the San and Pygmies and not the Khoi as they were/are pastoralists) tend to have smaller populations than agriculturalists. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. [34], Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively difficult farming conditions in areas farther from water. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. [35] Such processes of state-formation occurred with increasing frequency from the 16th century onward. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. Early critics argued this phenomenon was a result of language spread rather than the migration of Bantu-speaking people, but genetic evidence has proved otherwise. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. The first 500 years were spent moving a few hundred kilometers through the dense West Central African rainforest. Much of this vocabulary is botanical, deals with honey collecting, or is otherwise specialised for the forest and is shared between western Batwa groups. The Bantu Expansion: How Bantu People Changed Sub-Saharan Africa Reading time: 4 minutes About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. Michael C. Campbell and Sarah A. Tishkoff, "The Evolution of Human Genetic and Phenotypic Variation in Africa,", "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans", "On the edge of Bantu expansions: MtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola", "Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of NigerCongo groups", "Phylogeographic analysis of the Bantu language expansion supports a rainforest route", "Early migrations into East Africa | Enzi", "Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy HunterGatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set", "Cultural phylogeography of the Bantu Languages of sub-Saharan Africa", "Bringing together linguistic and genetic evidence to test the Bantu expansion", "Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals", "Bantu Language Trees Reflect the Spread of Farming across Sub-Saharan Africa: A Maximum-Parsimony Analysis", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bantu_expansion&oldid=1142078895, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 11:21.